What do we know about how female bodies deal with heat?

White Coat Black Art26:30Hot as hell

Britnee Miazek didn't immediately make the connection between her periods stopping and her job asa second-year ironworker apprentice in Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.

It was only after a three-month stintin 2023working on top of the coke ovensused in the steel-making processthat the 35-year-old began to notice a pattern.

"As soon as I switched jobs my body started producing my menstruation cycle once again," said Miazek.

She describes the outdoor coke ovens "as hot as humanly possible" and believesthe extreme heat they producemight have caused her periods to stop.

Miazek went to see a doctor at a walk-in clinic, who referred her to a gynecologist in Toronto,but she couldn't go to the appointment due to weatheraffecting flights.

"I just did the job that I was given and just had to scramble to figure stuff out," she told Dr. Brian Goldman, host of CBC's White Coat, Black Art.

As our planet heats up, people like Miazek who work in extremely hot temperatures outside will be further exposed to heat, which increases their risk of heat-related health issues.Yet, endocrinologists and researchers say there's still a lot tolearn about how female bodies deal with extreme heat, especially in life-changing times like perimenopauseand pregnancy.

Health impacts of heat waves caused by climate change have already been seeninCanada and other places around the world.

"We're seeing a real epidemic of long-term clinical problems," said Stephen Cheung, a kinesiologyprofessor at Ontario's Brock University.

Specifically, he mentioned problems with the heart,includingarrhythmia or coronary heart disease,and kidney issues.

Experts at the U.S.Center for Disease Control (CDC) say excess heat may also affect both men and women's fertility and overall reproductive health.

Looking for answers

Miazek knows all too well how difficult it is to find answers. She tried researching health effects on women working on coke ovens, butfound only information from the 1960s.

"It's 2024," she said. "You'd think that we would have some type of research into at least the extreme ends of heat and how it affects women's bodies."

That's why she travelled hundreds of kilometres recently to take part in an experiment at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ont., designed to test howher body responds toextreme heatsimilar to those she experienced while working onthe coke ovens.

During the experiment,Miazek performed several tasks,once at a normal temperature of about 22 C in her regular clothing, then again at a temperature of about 40 C while wearing her work gear.

Cheung, who conductedthe experiment, says it will help tobetter understand the effects of heat onfemale outdoor workers.

WATCH| Britnee Miazek testsher body in extreme heat:

How does the body react to extreme heat?

1 month ago

Duration 2:39

White Coat, Black Art features the story of Britnee Miazek, an ironworker apprentice who undergoes an experiment at Brock University to find out exactly how her body copes with extreme temperatures.

Body temperature

When it comes to heat, a small areain the brain helps to control body temperature, explains Dr. Amita Mahajan, an endocrinologist andprofessor at the University of Calgary's CummingSchool of Medicine.

Everyone has a hypothalamus that helpsmaintain core body temperature in a very narrow range, Mahajan says. It also helps to regulate important functions like blood pressure, sleep and in females, reproductive function.

Mahajan says when people like Miazek are exposed to high heat over weeks, the temperatures can increase the body's basal metabolic rate the amount of energy needed at rest in a mild environment.

That means the body needs more energyto operate in heat, and unless we take in more calories to meet those demands, Mahajan says there will be an energymismatch.

"And the hypothalamusour control centre is going to sense that," she told CBC'sThe Dose podcast.

LISTEN | How does heat impact the female body?

The Dose23:28What do we know about how women's bodies deal with heat?

Experts know that men and women respond to heat differently, but we're still learning about how women respond to extreme temperatures. Dr. Amita Mahajan, an endocrinologist and clinical assistant professor at the University of Calgary, explains how extreme heat affects women's bodies and the role that hormones play in regulating their core temperatures.For transcripts of The Dose, please visit:lnk.to/dose-transcripts. Transcripts of each episode will be made available by the next workday. For more episodes of this podcast,click this link. [https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-dose/id1498259551]

Research showsthat during times of stress,the hypothalamus will sometimes tell the bodyto stop ovulation and menstruation, instead focusing on core functions.

Mahajan notesthere isn't a ton of data on how the hypothalamus functions in females compared to males during hot temperatures, except for some small-scale research into high-intensity exercise.

Females fare better in hot, humid environments "because their body doesn't tell them to sweat as quickly as male bodies would," she said, adding that on the flip side, males do better in hot, dry environments because they can sweat and lower their body temperature faster.

Role of estrogen, progesterone

Mahajan says researchers and medical experts know more aboutbody temperaturechangesthroughout the menstrualcycle, which could affect how femalesfeel heat.

She says high levels of estrogen the dominant hormone in the first half of a female's cycle causesthebody temperatureto be on the lower end.

In the second half of the cycle, lower levels of estrogen and higher progesterone levels can cause the body temperature to rise anywhere from 0.4 to 0.8 degrees.The increase in progesterone during this phase of the cyclemay mean a female "may feel subjectively a bit warmer," according toMahajan.

"It's really important to listen to your body and understand that you may not be feeling the same way you do in the second half of your cycle," she said.

Pregnancy

Research has shownthat pregnant people are more susceptibleto intense changes in heat due to higher body surface area,increased blood flow and basal metabolic rate.

"They do need to be cognizant that heat can affect them quicker and worse than it would have pre-pregnancy," Mahajan said.

She notes that those who are expecting may also notice a higher core body temperature in the first trimester, when progesterone levels are higher.

In the second and third trimesters, when estrogen levels are high, the core body temperature will be lower and more efficient at getting rid of heat, likely to protect the fetus, says Mahajan.

Pregnant people are also more likely to become dehydrated, so she recommends 2.5 to three litres of water a day.

Perimenopause and beyond

Temperature changes can happen across a female's life, includingperimenopause and menopause.Hot flashes, experienced by many during this time,happen because of fluctuations in estrogen.

The threshold for sweating also changes during this time. For those not going through perimenopause, sweating starts if the bodytemperature goes up by 0.4 to 0.5 degrees.

For females in perimenopause or menopause, the body temperature only needs to go up by 0.1 to 0.2 degrees beforesweating begins, Mahajan says.

She recommends women in perimenopause or menopause do the following to stay cool:

• Avoid prolonged heat exposure
• Drink plenty of water
• Avoid spicy foods, caffeine and alcohol

Dr. Jerilynn Prior, an endocrinologist and professor at University of British Columbia,advisespeople to watch for signs of heat stress, and to drink salty liquidswhen working in hot environments.

"Pay attention to your body. Is your heart beating too fast? That's an important sign that you need to get to somewhere cooler," she said. "You need to drink more and do less activity."

Still looking for answers

For Miazek,the experiment she took part in showed that while working at higher temperatures, her heart beatfaster, and both her sweating and skin temperature increased.

Although she doesn't have a definitive answer as to why she missedher period for several months, she's glad to contribute to research about how women respond to heat.

"It's not about who has it worse. It's literally just about the differences and how it affects male and female bodies differently."

This story is part of our Overheated series, a collaboration between What on Earth, Quirks & Quarks, and White Coat, Black Art, that explores how heat is affecting our health, our cities and our ecosystems.