Looking back at a booming year in space

Space tourism took off in a big way this year: Two rovers and a helicopter explored Mars, while China advanced its space program with samples returned from the moon and the launch of the first module for their space station.

A record number of tourists blasted into space this year (I count 25) setting the private space program well on its way.

Richard Branson flew on his Virgin Galactic rocket plane while Jeff Bezos took off in his New Shepard capsule atop a Blue Origin rocket. Two more flights carried, among others,William Shatner of Star Trek fame, a host from Good Morning America and the daughter of Alan Shepard, the first American in space, after whom the capsule is named.

SpaceX made history by sending the first all-civilian crew into orbitfor three days aboard a Dragon capsule. The biggest issue they had to deal with was a leaky toilet, but they showed that you don't have to train for years to fly in orbit.

A Russian actress and filmmaker shot part of a movie on the International Space Stationand a Japanese tourist and his production assistant who documented the experience used the company Space Adventures to fly on a Russian Soyuz rocket and spend 12 days on the space station with future plans to eventually make a trip around the moon.

The era of private space tourism is well on its way, and like the fledgling airline industry of the 1940s where only the rich could fly, if enough people get in on the space tourism game, the cost could come down to the point where more people can get the high perspective on our planet.

This was also a big year for robots, as NASA's Perseverance Rover provided spectacular videos of its landing on Mars showing the parachute opening, then after touchdown, the flight of the first helicopter on another planet. This opens a whole new possibility of exploring more rugged terrain on Mars by air where it would be too dangerous for wheeled rovers to drive.

We don't hear a lot about the Chinese space program largely for political reasons, as they are not part of the International Space Station. But they have been steadily progressing on their own with their first rover on Mars and a moon lander that returned samples to Earth, something that hasn't happened since 1976 when a Soviet probe landed and collected samples, only four years after the last Apollo astronauts walked and collected samples there.

China also has its own space station in orbit where its second crew of three taikonautsare now conducting science experimentsand providing lessons for students on the ground.

Finally, NASA's Parker Solar Probe made the first flight through the sun's corona, or upper atmosphere, providing new insights into why that part of the sun is so much hotter than the surface.

And next year, the real nail-biter will be the unfurling and first images from the newJames Webb Space Telescope, a largersuccessor to the famous Hubble Space Telescope. Stationedmore than a million kilometres beyond the moon, it willpeer farther into space and back in time than we've ever seen before.

The huge $10-billion instrument must complete a complicated sequence of events to unfold itself and function perfectly on its own with no ability to be repaired by astronauts if something goes wrong.

As you will hear on our upcoming Quirks & Quarks Question Show, there are concerns about the environmental impact on the upper atmosphere of future tourist rocket launches along with the increasing problem of space junk, which need to be addressed now before space becomes too cluttered.

There is often criticism of the cost of space flight and how those resources could be better spent taking care of planet Earth. The folly of billionaires and their toys is one issue, but to put things in perspective, we wouldn't know about many environmental issues it if wasn't for satellites that monitor the ozone hole, the spread of carbon dioxide around the planet, shifting ocean currents, loss of ice in the Arctic and many other changes that are best observed from the high perspective of space.

We go to other planets because they are just that, planets like the Earth, but very different. The robots on Mars have told us that the red planet used to be blue, with lakes, rivers and a warmer, wetter climate billions of years ago. Then it became the cold dry desert we see today. Talk about climate change.

Exploring the solar system is seeing the Earth in its full environmental context, as one of a family of worlds, orbiting an average star in a one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in an unimaginably huge universe.

Yes, it was a remarkable year in space, and we are still just beginning to explore it.