Parliament 101: What's a caucus anyway?

Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau's move to cut loose his party's senators led to confusion Wednesday about what it would mean for the 32 newly Independent senators. The debate raises questions about what a caucus means to its members.

So, what exactly is a caucus and what does it mean for senators who were formerly part of the Liberal caucus?

1. Party caucuses

A caucus can be any grouping of similar parliamentarians, including a women's caucus, a regional caucus or a party caucus. All three major parties meet separatelyevery Wednesday morning, with the Conservatives and Liberals at least until Wednesday gathering theirMPs and senators together to discuss policy and strategy. The NDPhas no senators, so its MPsmake up the entire caucus.

To be a recognized party in the Senate, a caucus must have five members. About 20 former Liberal senators met with Trudeau Wednesday morning and decided they would continue to sit together, as the Senate Liberals. They kept James Cowan as their leader and Joan Fraser as their deputy leader, and Cowan said the caucus will maintain the ability to discipline its members essentially keeping the same structure they'd had before they met with Trudeau.

2. Budget and research

The Liberal Party didn't directly fund its Senate offices, although the House and Senate sharedresearch and policy. The caucus chair directs a research bureau, whose information will also be off-limits to senators from now on.

That said, there's nothing stopping senators and MPs from exchanging ideas and information on issues, something that's already done across parties when MPsdecide to work together on a problem.

Senate Speaker Nol Kinsellaagreed that Senate Liberals qualify as the second-largest party in the upper chamber, and therefore as official Opposition in the Senate. That means they can keep their budgetfor the Senate opposition leader, deputy leader and whip's offices, which pays for research and staff.

3. Committees and procedure

Kinsella's ruling was also important for Senate Liberals so that they have standing to negotiate the timing of votes with the government and for some of the speaking privileges granted to leaders. It means their party's whip is recognized, and gives them the ability to put senators on committees. Senators who aren't actually members of a committee can ask questions if given permission by the chair, but cannot vote on committee motions.