Nuclear fusion, a disruptive power source for crowded cities: Don Pittis

The battle to replace fossil fuels with low-carbon power is bumping up against a new practicalreality.

As people crowd intocities, the world's need for concentrated power sources is growing just as low-carbon green power is heading in the opposite direction. While the world needs high-density energy the amount of power used or produced in a given space low-carbon power sources such as solar, wind and hydro sprawl out over the distant hinterland.

Energy economist Christina Hoicka says the world needs"a new geography of energy" to satisfy soaring power requirements indensely populated urban clusters.

Sun power

Just as that problem looms, there are growing hints that a long-promised energy solution, nuclear fusion the low-carbon, high-density, power of the sun mayarrive in time to solve the geographic challenge.

In some ways, the tantalizing prospect of safe and unlimited fusion energy adds to the confusion as the world struggles to move away from high-carbon fossil fuels. Long-term planning would be much easier if we knew how soon the technology would arrive.

Canadian experts say a burst of new technology and new private sector investment meanthe commercialization of fusion could be ten or 15 years away. Other estimates have been even more optimistic.

Nuclear fusionmaking energy by forcinghydrogen atoms to mergeis quite different from the nuclear power we use now at generating stations in Canada and beyond. Current nuclear plants arepowered by fission, releasing energy by smashing heavy atoms apart, with a resulting shower of dangerous radiation that must be contained.

In placeslike Ontario, and countries like France, Hungary and Belgium, nuclear powerplants are the backbone of electricity production, delivering vast quantities of reliable, low-carbon energy.

While fission power plants offer a high-density low-carbon alternative to coal and natural gas, their costs are rising to the point where they are no longer practical.

The cost of Fukushima

Following devastating and costly accidents such those atChernobyl and Fukushima, now estimated in the hundreds of billions of dollars,the expense of constructing safe new nuclear fission plants has become prohibitive.

Just last week, the Japanese company Hitachi walked away from a plant under construction in Britain, writing off theirinvestment of nearly $3 billion US.

"I was not prepared to ask the taxpayer to take on a larger share of the equity, as that would have meant taxpayers taking on the majority of construction risk," said British Energy Secretary Greg Clark.

One difficulty for governments and utilities is thatthe complete cost of building, upgrading and waste storage for conventionalnuclear plants continues to soar. Meanwhile, thecost of green power, especially wind,hasplunged well below the price of even conventional fossil fuel power plants.

The problem, says Hoicka, who is currently writing a contribution on energy infrastructure for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Energy Politics, is one of energy density.

"Cities are becoming much more dense so the demand centres are becoming much more dense," says Hoicka, pointing to such things as high rise buildings and high power server farms to run our ubiquitous phones andcomputers.

"If we do a shift toward renewables and away from thermal technologies ... the density of supply would reduce."

Industrialized rural landscapes

As well as industrializing rural landscapes that many people object to, Hoicka says converting to an all-renewable energy supply will require a rebuilding of our energy network. Such plans could include giant batteries to store power close to where it is needed or pricing systems to encourage urban roof-top solar.

But Hoickasays such a rebuilding is path-dependent, a technical term that means future plans depend on what we have builtin the past.

That is why the sudden and unexpected arrival of nuclear fusion would be disruptive, not only for fossil fuels, but also for the systems we are building to replace them.

Mike Delage, chief technology officer atGeneral Fusion, a privately held company based in Burnaby, B.C.,and a global star in private sector fusion, thinks commercial fusion could be as little as a decade away.

And one of the reasons is the number of private sector start-ups getting into a sector once reservedlike space explorationfor governments with deep pockets.

"Fifteen years ago, General Fusion and one or two others existed," says Delage. "Now, we're tracking more thantwodozen companies."

Accelerated development

Such young start-ups include Commonwealth Fusion Systems at MIT, founded last spring with $50 million USin startup money from the Italian energy giant ENI.

Delage says start-ups are using innovative ideasbased on science accumulated by government research projects and brand new technologies such as3D printing and massive computing power, to acceleratedevelopment of an affordable power source he is convinced is inevitable.

"If you have the knowledge to build a power plant, you can build it anywhere," says Delage. "You can put it closer to the centres of demand."

Once it arrives, fusion power sounds like aperfect plan to solve the problem of energy density.

That said, other experts, while agreeing that commercial fusion is coming, have pushed the year out to 2050 a date 30 years away or the perpetually-offered timeline for a technologythat never seems to arrive.

Whether fusionarrives in five, 10 or 30 years, inevitably it will disrupt thefossil fuels industry, conventional nuclear and even renewable power, says Allan Offenberger, an Alberta-based physicistwho has advised governmentsaround the world.

In any case, he says, that's too long to wait. The switch to renewables must go ahead. Fossil fuels, while much reduced, will still be needed, and nuclear fission power is still essential as an interim energy source.

"We can't get fusion plants up fast enough to phase out greenhouse gases overnight," says Offenberger.

"We've got to gothrough thatphase-in to where fusion will become the main energy source, and it will in the long run, in this century."

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